AIDS and infection control in forensic investigation

Infection control in the workplace is becoming an increasingly important issue, not only for health care workers, but also for any workers who could potentially be exposed to infectious material. We discuss the nature, modes of transmission, and infectivity of important infectious agents likely to be encountered in the course of forensic investigations. We provide principles and guidelines for appropriate procedures and practices to be followed in a program of infection control.     

Changes in skeletal muscles in death caused by hypothermia

The review of 32 deaths resulting from hypothermia yielded mostly the common pathological findings as bright red livores, haemolytic frost marks of the skin and Wichnewski erosions of the gastric mucosa. In addition the muscle system of the body core (musc. ileopsoas) showed hemorrhages and histologically necrosis of its fibres in form of segmental and discoid sarcoplasmatic alteration. These changes are a quite specific sign of death due to hypothermia, as far as mechanical injury can be excluded. For best result however a special autopsy technique and an appropriate histological staining are advisable.     

The strength, biochemical and biophysical properties of the skin in the simulation of injuries

The results of experimental investigation on determination of stress-strain and resistant skin properties, its plastic elements (collagenous proteins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) and steam permeability in lesion modelling are presented.     

Changed compounds of hydroxyzine in a human urine

During a forensic toxicological GC/MS screening, changed compounds of hydroxyzine were found in a man's urine taken about 20 h after ingesting sake (Japanese liquor) and tranquilizers. The structures of those compounds were assigned to 4-chlorodiphenylmethane(I), p-chlorbenzophenone(III), norchlorcyclizine(IV), 7-(p-chloro-alpha-phenylbenzyl)-2-hydroxy-2H,3H-oxazolo-[3,2 -alpha] piperazine(V), 1-(p-chloro-alpha-phenylbenzyl)-4-methylpiperazine-3-one(VI), N-(p-chloro-alpha-phenylbenzyl)-N'-formylmethyl-N'- hydroxyethyl-1,2-ethenediamine(VII) and 1-(p-chloro-alpha-phenylbenzyl)-4-[2-ethoxy(2-ethoxy)-ethyl] piperazine(VIII) on the basis of the fragmentation patterns and relative retention times except VIII which was identified using the synthesized compound. I, V, VI, VII and VIII have not been reported previously, but the possibility of metabolites of hydroxyzine is still uncertain.     

Lewis typing of human saliva stains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal anti-Le(a) and anti-Le(b) antibodies

The Lewis blood grouping of human saliva stains could be detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-Le(a) and anti-Le(b) monoclonal antibodies with an avidin-biotin complex (ABC). The saliva stains (1.0 by 1.0 cm in size) were used as samples and not only could the Lewis substances of 57 individual stains be correctly typed by this method, but also it was clarified that there are several different secretion patterns of amounts of Le(a) and Le(b) substances in 3 individual Lewis types.     

The course of respiration in death caused by obstructive asphyxia

Experiments were carried out on 30 dogs to investigate the course of respiration during obstructive asphyxia. They were asphyxiated by occlusion of the exposed trachea. Intrathoracic pressure, blood pressure in the femoral artery, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram readings were registered. In most cases, the respiration course during the dyspnea stage by occlusion of the trachea generally had an inspiratory character. In a few animals, when the trachea was occluded in the expiratory phase, there were a few positive expiratory respirations with moderate inspiratory movement and thereafter the respirations were inspiratory during the dyspnea stage. The terminal respirations, which occurred 1-2 min before the circulatory breakdown, were generally inspiratory, but in a few dogs they were expiratory.     

Urinary catecholamines in hyperthermia-related deaths

A group of five hyperthermia-related deaths is presented in which urinary noradrenaline (NA) concentrations were elevated (172.1 +/- 119.4 ng/ml) compared with a control group of rapid violent deaths (43.7 +/- 26.1 ng/ml). Urinary adrenaline (A) concentrations were not elevated in the hyperthermia cases, nor were there any significant differences in urinary dopamine (DA) concentrations between the two groups. All except one of the hyperthermia victims were under the influence of ethanol. It is suggested that a combination of heat stress and ethanol consumption was responsible for the elevated urinary NA in the hyperthermia cases, reflecting increased sympathetic nervous system activity. A combination of high urinary NA with low A seems to be characteristic of hyperthermia fatalities, in contrast to hypothermia deaths, where both NA and A are usually elevated.